In recent decades, tissue engineering (TE) has been introduced and widely investigated as an innovative alternative to conventional biomaterials for reconstructing the tissues and organs in the oral and craniofacial region, as shown in Fig. From the perspective of regenerative medicine, the substitutes provided by these conventional techniques do not regenerate tissues capable of fully performing their original functions. For example, recent archaeological findings indicated that dental implants were found among Mayans in the 2nd century AD. Numerous materials (including bioinert or bioactive materials) have been used to restore missing oral and craniofacial tissues. The oral and craniofacial region, an integral part of the human body, performs functions, such as mastication and aesthetics. A deeper understanding of cell–scaffold interactions is anticipated to benefit the development of TE and regenerative medicine. Finally, the latest research progress on cell–scaffold interactions among various engineered tissues or organs in the oral and craniofacial region is summarized. Further, the roles of cells, including cell types, functions, and adhesion mechanisms, and extracellular matrix are discussed. The components carried by scaffolds, the degradation process, and the role of degraded products in cell–scaffold interactions are examined. Because the intrinsic properties of scaffolds are essential, the influence of the physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of scaffold materials on cell–scaffold interaction that has been discovered in recent research is elaborated in this review. This review discusses the effects of various types of scaffold materials on cells in TE. The creation and investigation of new scaffolds for TE and regenerative medicine based on specific interactions have become possible owing to these findings. An increasing number of studies have identified the variables affecting cell–scaffold interaction. One of the most popular topics on the biomaterial-based tissue regeneration process may be the interaction between cells and scaffolds. Tissue engineering (TE) is critical in oral and craniofacial reconstruction.
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